Area designations categorised as protected areas are those under protected area frameworks, that have legal or other effective protection at the national level. Some have additional recognition through regional or international conventions and agreements. Area designations categorised as biodiversity designations are developed by governments, academics and NGOs in order to identify areas of biodiversity importance or areas where biodiversity is threatened, as a means to focus attention and resources on their conservation.
They are not in themselves recognised as protected areas, although on-ground the sites may overlap with a protected area designation. Protected areas are a fundamental part of global, national and sub-national conservation strategies that are supported and governed by a range of local and national institutions, NGOs and even individuals such as in the case of privately protected areas.
Protected areas encompass a huge variation in nomenclature, management objective and management approach for protected areas globally. As a result, to provide some mechanism for global communication IUCN has developed a system of categorising protected areas according to the underlying management objectives, which could be implemented through different management approaches. The categories system was introduced in large part to help standardize descriptions of what constitutes a particular protected area.
These categories are recognised by international bodies such as the United Nations and by many national governments and have become an important global standard for the planning, establishment and management of protected areas.
The categories are as follows, 2 and are described in further detail on separate factsheets:. IUCN management categories are voluntary for countries to apply to their protected areas, and are not currently being used by all countries.
Many protected areas across the world do not have an assigned IUCN management category, however this does not imply that they lack protective measures or active management. Category II protected areas will often have core zones where numbers of visitors are strictly controlled, which may more closely resemble category Ib. Category IV Category II is aimed at maintaining ecological integrity at ecosystem scale, whereas category IV is aimed at protecting habitats and individual species.
In practice, category IV protected areas will seldom be large enough to protect an entire ecosystem and the distinction between categories II and IV is therefore to some extent a matter of degree: category IV sites are likely to be quite small individual marshes, fragments of woodland, although there are exceptions , while category II are likely to be much larger and at least fairly self-sustaining.
Category V Category II protected areas are essentially natural systems or in the process of being restored to natural systems while category V are cultural landscapes and aim to be retained in this state. Category VI Category II will not generally have resource use permitted except for subsistence or minor recreational purposes. Issues for consideration Concepts of naturalness are developing fast and some areas that may previously have been regarded as natural are now increasingly seen as to some extent cultural landscapes — e.
Follow us. Procurement Careers Terms and conditions Legal. Category II will generally not be as strictly conserved as category Ia and may include tourist infrastructure and visitation. Visitation in category II will probably be quite different from in wilderness areas, with more attendant infrastructure trails, roads, lodges etc.
Management in category III is focused around a single natural feature, whereas in category II it is focused on maintaining a whole ecosystem. Category II is aimed at maintaining ecological integrity at ecosystem scale, whereas category IV is aimed at protecting habitats and individual species.
Category II protected areas are essentially natural systems or in the process of being restored to natural systems while category V are cultural landscapes and aim to be retained in this state. They are generally quite small protected areas and often have high visitor value. Protected areas aiming to protect particular species or habitats, their management reflects this priority. Many Category IV protected areas will need regular, active interventions to address the requirements of particular species or to maintain habitats, but this is not a requirement of the category.
A protected area where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant, ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values.
Protected areas that conserve ecosystems and habitats together with associated cultural values and traditional natural resource management systems. They are generally large, with most of the area in a natural condition, where a proportion is under sustainable natural resource management and where low-level non-industrial use of natural resources compatible with nature conservation is seen as one of the main aims of the area.
However, in the case of the Flemish part of Belgium, parts of Greece, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Turkey, the data are either lacking or incomplete.
These data are also lacking or not used at all for very small sites in Scandinavia. In Estonia, IUCN management categories are allocated to each different management area within a designated site. In spite of these gaps, it is still possible to sketch a general picture of the share of IUCN categories across EEA countries, as shown in the diagram below. The distribution of nationally protected areas under the various IUCN management categories shows different patterns across Europe map below.
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