While this held true for all pretty mugs, the activity in this region was even stronger when the face in focus wore a smile. Although some might argue that the brain, in seeing a smile, has already considered the reward attained.
Abel E. Bernstein M. Young, S. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, — Cohn, J. Darwin, C. Duchenne G. Cuthbertson, Cambridge University Press. Ekman, P. Wallace V. Fredrickson, B. Fridlund, A. Schaut, J. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, — Hertenstein, M. Motivation and Emotion. Keltner D. Kraut, R. LaFrance M. Landis, C. Livingstone, M.
Is it real? Or just low spatial frequency? Science, , Mehua, M. Perrett, D. Neuropsychologia, 41, — Ozono H. Yuki, M. Cultural differences in using the eyes and mouth as cues to recognize emotions in Japan and the United States, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, — This article inspired me to the point of exaggeration.
This is where I prefer to reside. Thank you for the insight and the inspiration in a new address to whom ever might enjoy the smile. Having just stumbled across this article, I appreciate its consideration of so many elements, such as gender, culture, social situation, and history. Measuring the hard science of smiles may help America learn the value of retaining smiles, and to be alarmed when america loses its smile.
The 3D model was able to extract head pose information translation and orientation , in addition to detecting facial landmarks. This allowed us to accurately estimate the head pose once the landmarks were detected.
With these considerations, we were able to employ two approaches that could be compared with one another. The techniques are improving and as a result, accuracy will be enhanced.
However, there are a variety of conflicting ideas regarding how to define features, not only in terms of the boundaries of phases, but also dynamic elements such as duration, speed, symmetry, and irregularity. Different groups have different definitions, which makes for inconsistencies in the literature. Therefore, we should be cautious when comparing results produced by different research groups.
HG proposed the idea and gave suggestions in writing the paper; X-HZ designed the experiment and analyzed the data; JL analyzed the data; W-JY proposed the idea, designed the experiment, analyzed the data and wrote the paper. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Ambadar, Z. Nonverbal Behav. Baltrusaitis, T. Google Scholar. Barrett, L. Handbook of Emotions. Bolzani-Dinehart, L. Adult perceptions of positive and negative infant emotional expressions. Infancy 8, — Borod, J. Facial asymmetry during emotional expression: gender, valence, and measurement technique.
Neuropsychologia 36, — PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Cohn, J. Spontaneous facial expressions in a small group can be automatically measured: an initial demonstration.
Methods 42, — The timing of facial motion in posed and spontaneous smiles. Wavelets Multires. Are You Really Smiling at Me? Spontaneous versus Posed Enjoyment Smiles.
Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer. Ekman, P. Darwin, Deception, and Facial Expression. Martin Oxford: Oxford University Press , — The Duchenne smile: emotional expression and brain physiology: II. Felt, false, and miserable smiles.
Smiles when lying. The symmetry of emotional and deliberate facial actions. Psychophysiology 18, — Figueiredo Filho, D. When is statistical significance not significant? Frank, M. Not all smiles are created equal: the differences between enjoyment and nonenjoyment smiles. Humor Int. Humor Res. Behavioral markers and recognizability of the smile of enjoyment.
Gosselin, P. Perception of genuine and masking smiles in children and adults: sensitivity to traces of anger. Gunnery, S. The deliberate Duchenne smile: individual differences in expressive control. Discrimination thresholds for smiles in genuine versus blended facial expressions. Cogent Psychol. Hair, J. Multivariate Data Analysis , Vol. Hess, U. Differentiating emotion elicited and deliberate emotional facial expressions.
Hoque, M. Are you friendly or just polite? Krumhuber, E. Can Duchenne smiles be feigned? New evidence on felt and false smiles. Emotion 9, — Moving smiles: the role of dynamic components for the perception of the genuineness of smiles. Effects of dynamic attributes of smiles in human and synthetic faces: a simulated job interview setting. Lien, J. Detection, tracking, and classification of action units in facial expression. Littlewort, G. Mavadati, S. Disfa: a spontaneous facial action intensity database.
IEEE Trans. Pantic, M. Dynamics of facial expression: recognition of facial actions and their temporal segments from face profile image sequences. Man Cybernet. Part B Cybernet. Powell, W. Asymmetrical facial expressions in portraits and hemispheric laterality: a literature review. Laterality 14, — Richardson, J. Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research.
Ross, E. Posed versus spontaneous facial expressions are modulated by opposite cerebral hemispheres. Cortex 49, — Scherer, K. Are facial expressions of emotion produced by categorical affect programs or dynamically driven by appraisal? Emotion Schmidt, K. Comparison of deliberate and spontaneous facial movement in smiles and eyebrow raises. Signal characteristics of spontaneous facial expressions: automatic movement in solitary and social smiles.
Movement differences between deliberate and spontaneous facial expressions: Zygomaticus major action in smiling.
Human facial expressions as adaptations: evolutionary questions in facial expression research. Schneider, K. The expressive and communicative functions of preschool children's smiles in an achievement situation. Sebe, N. Authentic facial expression analysis. Image Vis.
Shore, D. The value of genuine and polite smiles. Emotion 11, — Skinner, M. Facial asymmetry in emotional expression: a meta-analysis of research. Soussignan, R. Forms and social signal value of smiles associated with pleasant and unpleasant sensory experience. Ethology , — Tarantili, V. But if one assumes that those who smile more will be happier, what happens to those who smile less? Shouldn't those who developed difficulty smiling as adults suffer more from depression, all other things being equal?
Nature has done the experiment if one knows where to look. To probe for cause and effect, doctors studied what happened to patients who, because of facial nerve damage, were unable to move their faces normally. The facial nerve is commonly damaged in adult life by a condition known as Bell's palsy. There are three major parts of the facial nerve, so it is possible to lose the ability to frown but be able to smile, or vice versa. These researchers asked their patients to raise their eyebrows, squint, smile, and pucker their mouths to assess the extent of their facial disability.
Their hypothesis was that the inability to smile would increase one's risk of depression. The results showed that a general impairment in moving one's face was not associated with depression. However, patients who specifically lacked the ability to smile were much more likely to become depressed, and their depression was more severe. There are several possible explanations. First, smiling occurs in social situations and helps facilitate positive emotions and relationships with others.
Those individuals who find themselves unable to smile may experience more social isolation, leading to more depressive symptoms from loneliness. This could be a strong negative feedback loop. Second, smiling, by activation of the smile muscle, would initiate a feedback loop to the brain, activating our happy part of the brain, contributing to a more positive mood and more smiling. Those with impaired smiling would have the positive feedback interrupted and more consistent weight on the side of depression.
I believe the second explanation is more important, but there is no evidence to help us decide. This post is excerpted from The Face of Emotion.
Skip to content Site Navigation The Atlantic. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Ambadar, Z. Nonverbal Behav. Deciphering the enigmatic face. American Society of Plastic Surgeons Google Scholar. Baayen, R. Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects of subjects and items. Boulogne, D. The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression. Washington, DC: American Psychologist.
Brown, W. Smile asymmetries and reputation as reliable indicators of likelihood to cooperate: an evolutionary analysis. Buhrmeister, M. Calvo, M. Visual attention mechanisms in happiness vs. Carruthers, A. Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxina for the treatment of crows feet lines: a multicenter. Del Giudice, M. Differences between children and adults in the recognition of enjoyment smiles.
Ekman, P. Wagner and A. Manstead Oxford: John Wiley , — An argument for basic emotions. Felt, false, and miserable smiles.
The duchenne smile: emotional expression and brain physiology: II. The Facial Action Coding System. Etcoff, N. Cosmetics as a feature of the extended human phenotype: modulation of the perception of biologically important facial signals. PLoS One 6:e Frank, M. Not all smiles are created equal: The differences between enjoyment and nonenjoyment smiles.
Humor Intl. Humor Res. Behavioral markers and the recognizability of the smile of enjoyment. Gosselin, P. Gunnery, S. Perception of duchenne and non-duchenne smiles: a meta-analysis. The deliberate duchenne smile: Individual differences in expressive control. Harker, L. Hess, U. The cues decoders use in attempting to differentiate emotion-elicited and posed facial expressions. Kanade, T. Keltner, D. A sutdy of laughter and dissociation: distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement.
Krumhuber, E. Can duchenne smiles be feigned? Emotion 9, — Effects of dynamic aspects of facial expressions: a review. Human and machine validation of 14 databases of dynamic facial expressions.
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