From until , the terms of President and Vice President and the term of the Congress coincided, beginning on March 4 and ending on March 3. This changed when the 20th amendment to the Constitution was adopted in Beginning in , the convening date for Congress became January 3 unless Congress by law appoints a different day , and beginning in the starting date for the presidential term became January Because of this change, the number of Congresses overlapping with a presidential term increased from two to three, although the third only overlaps by a few weeks.
George Washington John Adams Apr. John Adams Thomas Jefferson Mar. Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr Mar. James Madison George Clinton 1 Mar. James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins Mar. John Quincy Adams John C. Calhoun Mar. Andrew Jackson John C. Calhoun 3 Mar. Martin Van Buren Richard M. Johnson Mar. John Tyler James K. Polk George M. Dallas Mar. Zachary Taylor 4 Millard Fillmore Mar. Millard Fillmore July 10, —Mar. Franklin Pierce William R.
King 5 Mar. James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge Mar. Abraham Lincoln Hannibal Hamlin Mar. Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Schuyler Colfax Mar. Grant Henry Wilson 6 Mar. Rutherford B. Hayes William A. Wheeler Mar. James A. Garfield 4 Chester A. Arthur Mar. Chester A. Grover Cleveland Thomas A. Hendricks 7 Mar. Benjamin Harrison Levi P. Morton Mar. Grover Cleveland Adlai E.
Stevenson Mar. William McKinley Garret A. Hobart 8 Mar. Theodore Roosevelt Fairbanks Mar. William H. Taft James S. Sherman 9 Mar. Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. The long friendship between Adams and Jefferson had cooled due to political differences Adams was a Federalist , and Adams did not consult his vice president on any important decisions.
To occupy his time during his four years as vice president, Jefferson authored A Manual of Parliamentary Practice , one of the most useful guides to legislative proceedings ever written, and served as the president of the American Philosophical Society. John Adams' presidency revealed deep fissures in the Federalist Party between moderates such as Adams and Washington and more extreme Federalists like Alexander Hamilton. In the presidential election of , the Federalists refused to back Adams, clearing the way for the Republican candidates Jefferson and Aaron Burr to tie for first place with 73 electoral votes each.
After a long and contentious debate, the House of Representatives selected Jefferson to serve as the third U. The election of Jefferson in was a landmark of world history, the first peacetime transfer of power from one party to another in a modern republic. Delivering his inaugural address on March 4, , Jefferson spoke to the fundamental commonalities uniting all Americans despite their partisan differences. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.
President Jefferson's accomplishments during his first term in office were numerous, remarkably successful and productive.
Nevertheless, Jefferson's most important achievements as president all involved bold assertions of national government power and surprisingly liberal readings of the U.
Jefferson's most significant accomplishment as president was the Louisiana Purchase. He then devised the wonderfully informative Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore, map out and report back on the new American territories.
Jefferson also put an end to the centuries-old problem of Tripoli pirates from North Africa disrupting American shipping in the Mediterranean. During the Barbary War, Jefferson forced the pirates to capitulate by deploying new American warships. Notably, both the Louisiana Purchase and the undeclared war against the Barbary pirates conflicted with Jefferson's much-avowed Republican values. Both actions represented unprecedented expansions of national government power, and neither was explicitly sanctioned by the Constitution.
Although Jefferson easily won re-election in , his second term in office proved much more difficult and less productive than his first. He largely failed in his efforts to impeach the many Federalist judges swept into government by the Judiciary Act of However, the greatest challenges of Jefferson's second term were posed by the war between Napoleonic France and Great Britain.
Both Britain and France attempted to prevent American commerce with the other power by harassing American shipping, and Britain in particular sought to impress American sailors into the British Navy.
In response, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act of , suspending all trade with Europe. The embargo also led to the War of with Great Britain after Jefferson left office. On March 4, , after watching the inauguration of his close friend and successor James Madison , Jefferson returned to Virginia to live out the rest of his days as "The Sage of Monticello.
Jefferson's primary pastime was endlessly rebuilding, remodeling and improving his home and estate, at considerable expense. A Frenchman, Marquis de Chastellux, quipped, "it may be said that Mr. Jefferson is the first American who has consulted the Fine Arts to know how he should shelter himself from the weather.
Jefferson also dedicated his later years to organizing the University of Virginia , the nation's first secular university. He personally designed the campus, envisioned as an "academical village," and hand-selected renowned European scholars to serve as its professors. The University of Virginia opened its doors on March 7, , one of the proudest days of Jefferson's life. Jefferson also kept up an outpouring of correspondence at the end of his life. In particular, he rekindled a lively correspondence on politics, philosophy and literature with John Adams that stands out among the most extraordinary exchanges of letters in history.
Nevertheless, Jefferson's retirement was marred by financial woes. To pay off the substantial debts he incurred over decades of living beyond his means, Jefferson resorted to selling his cherished personal library to the national government to serve as the foundation of the Library of Congress. Jefferson died on July 4, — the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence — only a few hours before John Adams passed away in Massachusetts.
In the moments before he passed, Adams spoke his last words, eternally true if not in the literal sense in which he meant them, "Thomas Jefferson survives.
As the author of the Declaration of Independence, the foundational text of American democracy and one of the most important documents in world history, Jefferson will be forever revered as one of the great American Founding Fathers. However, Jefferson was also a man of many contradictions. Jefferson was the spokesman of liberty and a racist enslaved people owner, a champion of the common people and a man with luxurious and aristocratic tastes, a believer in limited government and a president who expanded governmental authority beyond the wildest visions of his predecessors, a quiet man who abhorred politics and arguably the most dominant political figure of his generation.
The tensions between Jefferson's principles and practices make him all the more apt a symbol for the nation he helped create, a nation whose shining ideals have always been complicated by a complex history. Jefferson is buried in the family cemetery at his beloved Monticello, in a grave marked by a plain gray tombstone.
The brief inscription it bears, written by Jefferson himself, is as noteworthy for what it excludes as what it includes. The inscription suggests Jefferson's humility as well as his belief that his greatest gifts to posterity came in the realm of ideas rather than the realm of politics: "Here was buried Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of American Independence of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, and father of the University Of Virginia.
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John Adams was a Founding Father, the first vice president of the United States and the second president. His son, John Quincy Adams, was the nation's sixth president. The fourth U. Jefferson Davis was a 19th century U.
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